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CO₂e emission factors
Common emission factors by activity, category and region — with cited sources.
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Electricity
Grid electricity
· United Kingdom
0.207 / kWh
Grid electricity
· EU-27
0.23 / kWh
Grid electricity
· Spain
0.17 / kWh
Grid electricity
· United States
0.37 / kWh
Grid electricity
· Global
0.45 / kWh
Fuels
Natural gas
· Region-independent
0.183 / kWh
Diesel (mineral)
· Region-independent
2.66 / L
Petrol / gasoline
· Region-independent
2.31 / L
LPG
· Region-independent
1.56 / L
Heating oil (gas oil)
· Region-independent
2.76 / L
Coal (industrial)
· Region-independent
2.4 / kg
Transport
Car (petrol, average)
· Region-independent
0.17 / km
Car (diesel, average)
· Region-independent
0.168 / km
Bus (local)
· Region-independent
0.102 / passenger-km
Rail (national)
· Region-independent
0.035 / passenger-km
Flight (short-haul)
· Region-independent
0.151 / passenger-km
Flight (long-haul)
· Region-independent
0.148 / passenger-km
Heating
District heat & steam
· Region-independent
0.171 / kWh
Waste
Mixed waste to landfill
· Region-independent
0.45 / kg
Mixed recycling
· Region-independent
0.021 / kg
Organic / composting
· Region-independent
0.011 / kg
Water
Water supply
· Region-independent
0.177 / m³
Water treatment
· Region-independent
0.272 / m³
Refrigerants (GWP)
R-134a
· Region-independent
1,300 / kg
R-410A
· Region-independent
1,924 / kg
R-404A
· Region-independent
3,943 / kg
R-744 (CO₂)
· Region-independent
1 / kg
Materials
Steel (primary)
· Region-independent
2.46 / kg
Aluminium (primary)
· Region-independent
12.6 / kg
Cement
· Region-independent
0.86 / kg
Paper (primary)
· Region-independent
0.92 / kg
Cardboard
· Region-independent
0.82 / kg